In this study, an analytical method is developed to determine 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in OLIVE and refined POMACE OLIVE oils using HPLC coupled with a fluorescence detector. The standardised method of ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction consisted of liquid-liquid extraction with organic solvent and purification on C18 and Florisil bonded-phase cartridges was modified for the refined OLIVE and refined POMACE OLIVE oils. The modification included the clean-up by solid phase extraction on an amino cartridge eluting with toluene. The limits of detection and limits of quantitation were 0.19-0.97 mg kg-1 and 0.57- 2.93 mg kg-1, respectively. The PAHs recoveries ranged from 75% to 110% (RSD=3–8%).The performance of the present method was evaluated for determination of PAHs in various types of OLIVE oils samples, and suitable results were obtained. The variable levels of PAHs were detected ranging from 0.61 to 6.30 mgkg-1 in real samples.

In this study, Microwave Assisted Solvent Extraction (MASE) was used to recover oil residues from POMACE OLIVE using acidic hexane. Results obtained demonstrated that oil extraction yield increased with time, amount of acetic acid in hexane and power radiation. For both radiation powers used (170 and 510W), the optimal extraction time and most interesting content of acetic acid in hexane are 1.5 minutes and 5.0% respectively. Oil yield obtained at power 510 W was slightly higher than those corresponding to 170 W. Compared to results obtained with pure hexane, the yield increases were 8.4 % at 170 W and 6.0% at 510 W. However, the oil extracted from POMACE OLIVE was found to be of poor quality; indeed only phenolic compounds concentration increased significantly with acetic acid content.

Introduction The OLIVE tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most significant and ancient cultivated plants in the Mediterranean region, prized for its edible fruit and high-quality oil. However, the increasing scale of OLIVE oil production has led to the accumulation of large quantities of solid waste, particularly OLIVE Solid POMACE (OSP), which poses considerable environmental challenges due to its high organic load and phytotoxic components. Sustainable management and valorization of this waste are crucial for reducing environmental risks and improving the circular economy in agricultural systems. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of compost and vermicompost derived from OSP, both in enriched and non-enriched forms, on the yield of OLIVE fruit and the quality characteristics of the resulting OLIVE oil. To this end, a field experiment was conducted during the 2018 growing season in a traditional OLIVE orchard located in Rudbar, Gilan Province, Iran. The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 12 treatments and three replications using the ‘Arbequina’ cultivar, a well-known OLIVE variety cultivated for its high oil content and quality.   Materials and Methods Compost and vermicompost were first produced from OLIVE solid POMACE. After analyzing their basic physicochemical properties, several treatments were biologically enriched using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), including Bacillus megaterium (phosphorus-solubilizing), Azotobacter chroococcum (nitrogen-fixing), and Thiobacillus thioparus (sulfur-oxidizing). Additional treatments were chemically enriched by incorporating 1 kg each of urea (as a nitrogen source), triple superphosphate (as a phosphorus source), and elemental sulfur at a rate of 1% by weight. The experimental treatments included: raw OLIVE POMACE, unenriched compost, chemically enriched compost, biologically enriched compost, unenriched vermicompost, chemically enriched vermicompost, biologically enriched vermicompost, a full NPK fertilizer treatment, a manure-only treatment (10 kg of animal manure), and a no-fertilizer control. All OLIVE waste-based amendments were applied at 3% w/w. NPK fertilizers included urea (750 g in three split applications), triple superphosphate (250 g), and potassium sulfate (750 g). Micronutrients such as magnesium sulfate, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, boric acid, and elemental sulfur were applied based on soil test recommendations. Uniform horticultural practices, including surface drip irrigation, weed control, pest management, and other cultural operations, were applied across all plots. Post-treatment, soil samples were collected at depths of 0–30, 30–60, and 60–90 cm to measure pH, EC, organic carbon, and available phosphorus. Foliar sprays were prepared with 1,000 ml solutions of urea and potassium sulfate (10 g/L), zinc sulfate (3 g/L), and boric acid (5 g/L) and applied twice at sunset using a handheld sprayer. Fruit yield, oil content, and selected oil quality parameters were then assessed.   Results and Discussion Application of biologically enriched vermicompost significantly improved OLIVE yield and oil quality. Trees receiving this treatment produced 50.33 kg of fruit per tree—an increase of 93.58% compared to the control. Similarly, the highest oil yield (11.14 kg per tree) was recorded in the biologically enriched vermicompost treatment. The lowest peroxide value (1.06 meq O₂ kg-1 oil) was also observed in this treatment, representing an 88.27% reduction compared to the control. Organic fertilizers positively influenced the oil percentage of the fruit, with biologically enriched compost yielding the highest oil content (57.7%), which was 132.2% higher than the control. The extinction coefficients K270 and K232, indicators of oil oxidation, were reduced by 96.2% and 78.5%, respectively, in the biologically enriched vermicompost treatment. Furthermore, this treatment resulted in the lowest free fatty acid content, 94.7% lower than the control. Leaf phosphorus content was also significantly enhanced, reaching 0.33% in the biological vermicompost treatment, a 230% increase over the control. These findings underscore the beneficial role of organic fertilizers, particularly biologically enriched vermicompost, in improving soil fertility, nutrient availability, and plant performance. The high phosphorus content in the compost and vermicompost, combined with microbial activity, played a pivotal role in enhancing both yield and oil quality. The application of PGPRs proved particularly effective, as they not only facilitated nutrient cycling but also contributed to improved physiological responses in OLIVE trees.   Conclusion Overall, the results suggest that OLIVE trees fertilized with biologically enriched organic amendments derived from OLIVE POMACE benefit from improved oil quality and fruit yield. The presence of adequate phosphorus and beneficial bacteria played a pivotal role in enhancing plant nutrition and oil characteristics. Therefore, the use of PGPR in the enrichment of composted organic materials can be an effective and sustainable strategy to improve the productivity and quality of OLIVE oil. Among the treatments, biologically enriched vermicompost emerged as the most effective and is recommended for further field application. Future research should explore other organic amendments and their long-term effects on OLIVE orchards.

Mechanical and physical properties of various weigh percentages (0%-40%) of OLIVE POMACE flour (OPF)-loaded linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) in the presence of 0%, 5% and 10% coupling agent (C) were formulated and s tudied. Extrusion and hot press processing techniques were used to fabricate OPF/LLDPE composites. Tensile s tress at yield increased by 20% with the increasing of the filler loading up to 20%,and marginally increased in the presence of the C. Whereas, the decline in the tensile s train at yield of the polymer composite improved with the increase in the C content. The modulus increased from 631 MPa for the neat LLDPE to 680, 808 and 700 MPa for the composites filled by 5%, 10% and 20% filler content, respectively. Whereas, a decrease in the given modulus (550 MPa) was observed at 40% filler loading. The modulus has shown a successive improvement upon the addition of the C with values not less than 800 MPa. The impact s trength decreased with the increase in filler loading from 119 kJ/m2 for the neat LLDPE to 81, 43, 27 and 16 kJ/m2 for the 5%, 10%, 20% and 40% OPF/LLDPE samples, respectively. On the contrary, 10% C addition improved the impact s trength of the composite by two folds in the case of 10-40% filler inclusion. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) illus trations proved the mechanical performance of various bio-composite formulations. Water absorption of the bio-composite increased with the OPF loading, from 0. 73% for the neat LLDPE to 2. 6% for 40% OPF-filled polymer composite, and decreased upon increasing the C content with an average of 1. 4% for all composites. Formulated by mixing cellulosic-based material OPF and LLDPE, the bio-composite demons trated compatible physical properties and can be used as an already available cellulosic filler for the bio-composite materials.

Background and Objectives: The use of OLIVE mill solid waste to form of compost in OLIVE groves, in addition to helping dispose of this by-product of the OLIVE oil industry, also can recycles nutrients that out of the garden during the fruit harvest. The aim of this study was to replacing of this compost with manure of animal at the OLIVE groves as an organic fertilizer, improvement on the nutritional status of OLIVE trees, fruit quality, fruit yield and oil.Materials and Methods: OLIVE mill waste solid was mixed with 10% wheat straw (W/W) and two percent urea. The composting process was completed after three months.12, 24 and 36 kg OLIVE pumice compost was given per tree. Control trees don’t received compost (first control) or 15 kg of manure (second control) instead of compost. The fruit yield, oil yield, fruit quality characteristics and leaf mineral elements content of Zard and Roughany OLIVE cultivars were evaluated in compost treated and control over two years.Results: The most both fruit and oil yield in the first and second year after treatment belonged to the 12 and 36 kg compost treatment in Zard cultivar that in the second year, fruit and oil yield were respectively 58 and 57 percent more than the first control in the same cultivar. In the first year, the highest oil percentage in the dry matter, belongs to the second control in the Roughany cultivar.While, two years after treatment, the trees that treated with 24 and 36 kg of compost in the Roughany cultivar had about 10 percentage of oil in dry matter more the trees that treated with manure in the same cultivar. Fruit weight, pit weight and fruit pulp percentage in Zard cultivar was higher than Roughany cultivar over two years. In the second year after treatment, the trees that treated with 36 kg of compost in Zard cultivar had the highest fruit weigh and also pulp weight and pulp to pit ratio was more than the manur treatment in the same cultivar. The highest nitrogen, in the first year after the treatment blonged to Roughany cultivar, with 24 kg compost, that was more 26 percent than the first control in the same cultivar. In the second year after treatment blonged to Roughany cultivar, with 24 kg compost, that was more 26 percent than the first control in the same cultivar. Two years after treatment, the trees were treated with 36 kg of compost had 10 percent more phosphorus than the first control. Also in this year, the Zard cultivar had nine percent more potassium than the Roughany cultivar. In the first year, Zard cultivar had more calcium and magnesium and less phosphorus and sodium than the Roughany cultivar, respectively. In the second year after treatment, calcium and magnesium in the trees that treated with 24 and 36 kg compost was at the highest level statistically. The ratio of sodium to potassium in the first and second year, in the Zard cultivar was less than Roughany cultivar.Conclusion: It seem OLIVE trees that fertilized with OLIVE mill POMACE compost especially with 36 kg could improve nutrition status of OLIVE tree such as leaf N, P, Ca and Mg in leaves and consequently improves fruit and oil yield and fruit quality especially in Zard cultivar.

Purpose: Despite durum wheat accounts for only 5% of the global wheat production, it represents an economically important species, as a basic food and primary source of daily caloric intake in the Mediterranean basin area. By-products of agricultural processing, such as POMACE, can be used to increase soil fertility, as they are indeed a source of important nutrients useful for crop growth. Methods: The present research was carried out on durum wheat, as part of a long-term experiment. The study aimed at assessing the effects of mineral and organic fertilization with the use of wet OLIVE POMACE on a 3-year trial with crops grown in succession (fava beans— wheat— spelt). A split-plot experimental design with three replicates was used. The cultivars (Aureo and Vespucci) were assigned to the main plots and the seven fertilization treatments to the sub-plots. Results: Our result showed that supplying wet OLIVE POMACE as soil improver was not sufficient to significantly improve soil fertility compared to the unfertilized control. However, when 60 kg ha− 1 of nitrogen was supplied in coverage before tillering, in addition to 70 Mg ha− 1 of wet OLIVE POMACE yield an increase of 66% in Aureo cv and of 222% in Vespucci cv, in comparison to the unfertilized crop. Conclusion: The best management of fertilizers, associated with the use of more nitrogen-use-efficient genotypes, is essential for the development of a sustainable agriculture.